Another benefit of physical exercise is that it can help an individual’s mental health. Exercise enables your brain to relax, and this can lead to releasing many negative emotions, such as stress. It can be hard to exercise on a regular basis. Each individual has a life full of tasks that they need to accomplish daily, completing these tasks can be To summarize, Wrann et al. () noted that exercise increases the activity of the estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα)/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) complex, in turn increasing levels of the exercise-secreted factor FNDC5 in skeletal muscle and the hippocampus, whose cleavage products provide beneficial effects in the hippocampus by Words Essay On Exercise Essay. Importance of Exercise. Exercising is most essential for proper health and fitness. Moreover, it is essential for every sphere of life. Especially Benefits of Exercise. Conclusion of Importance of Exercise Essay
Health Benefits of Exercise - PMC
The new PMC design is here! Learn more about navigating our updated article layout. The PMC legacy view will also be available for a limited time. Federal government websites often end in. gov or. The site is secure. What is beginning to be learned is the molecular mechanisms by which exercise sustains and improves quality of life. The current review begins with two short considerations. The first short presentation concerns the effects of endurance exercise training on cardiovascular fitness, and how it relates to improved health outcomes. The second short section contemplates emerging molecular connections from endurance training to mental health.
Finally, approximately half of the remaining review concentrates on the relationships between type 2 diabetes, mitochondria, and endurance training. The aim of this introduction is briefly to document facts that health benefits of physical activity predate its readers. Similarly, benefit of exercise essay, the lack of exercise was classified as an actual cause of chronic diseases and death Mokdad et al. Simplistic overview of how physical activity can prevent the development of type 2 diabetes and one of its complications, cardiovascular disease. Physical inactivity is an actual cause of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and tens of other chronic conditions Table 1 via interaction with other factors e.
This leads to chronic disease, reduced quality of life, and premature death, benefit of exercise essay. However, physical activity can prevent and, in some cases, treat disease progression associated with physical inactivity and other genetic and environmental factors. Published inJeremy N. Morris and colleagues conducted the first rigorous epidemiological study investigating physical activity and chronic disease risk, in which coronary heart disease CHD rates were increased in physically inactive bus drivers versus active conductors Morris et al. Since this pioneering report, a plethora of evidence shows that physical inactivity is associated with the development of 40 chronic diseases Table 1including major noncommunicable diseases such as type 2 diabetes T2D and CHD, and as premature mortality Booth et al.
Worsening of 40 conditions caused by the lack of physical activity with growth, maturation, and aging throughout life span. The breadth of the list implies that a single molecular target will not substitute for appropriate daily physical activity to prevent the loss of all listed items. In this review, we highlight the far-reaching health benefits of physical activity. There is arguably no measure more important for health than cardiorespiratory fitness CRF commonly measured by maximal oxygen uptake, VO 2max Blair et al. For example, Myers et al. Similarly, Kokkinos et al. Importantly then, from the above paragraph, physical activity and inactivity are major environmental modulators of CRF, increasing and decreasing it, respectively, often through independent pathways.
Endurance exercise is well recognized to improve CRF and cardiometabolic risk factors. Exercise improves numerous factors speculated to limit VO 2max including, but not restricted to, the capacity to transport oxygen e. Data from the HERITAGE Family Study has provided some of the first knowledge of genes associated with VO 2max plasticity because of endurance-exercise training. Keller et al. Collectively, these results led the investigators to speculate that improvements in skeletal muscle oxygen sensing and angiogenesis are primary determinates in training responses in VO 2max Keller et al.
Clinically important concepts have emerged from the pioneering HERITAGE Family Study. One new clinical concept is that a threshold dose—response relationship influences the percentage of subjects responding with an increase in VO 2max to endurance training volumes with volume being defined here as the product of intensity × durationas previously published Slentz et al. Ross et al. After a wk-long endurance training study Ross et al. A second older concept is being reinvigorated; Bacon et al. They suggest that very short periods of high-intensity endurance-type exercise may be needed to reach a threshold for peripheral metabolic adaptations, but that longer training durations at lower intensities are required to see large changes in maximal cardiac output and VO 2max.
A comparable example exists for resistance training. As ofone opinion from Sarzynski et al. Perhaps more importantly, lifelong aerobic exercise training preserves VO 2max into old age, benefit of exercise essay. CRF generally increases until early adulthood, then declines the remainder of life in sedentary humans Astrand However, cross-sectional data show that with lifelong aerobic exercise training, trained individuals often have the same VO benefit of exercise essay as a sedentary benefit of exercise essay four decades younger Benefit of exercise essay et al. Myers et al. In two of our recent papers, transcriptomics was performed on the triceps muscle Toedebusch et al. We were addressing the question of what molecule initiates the beginning of the lifelong decline in aerobic capacity with aging.
We allowed female rats access, or no access, to running wheels from 5 to 27 wk of age. Surprisingly, voluntary running had no effect on the delay in the beginning of the lifetime decrease in VO 2max. Our skeletal muscle transcriptomics elicited no molecular targets, whereas gene networks suggestive of influencing maximal stroke volume were identified in the left ventricle transcriptomics Ruegsegger et al. In addition, a study Schuch et al. With this forming trend, the next section will consider exercise and brain health. Many studies support physical activity as a noninvasive therapy for mental health improvements in cognition Beier et al. Invan Praag et al. Similarly, spatial pattern separation and neurogenesis in benefit of exercise essay dentate gyrus are strongly correlated in 3-mo-old mice following 10 wk of voluntary wheel running Creer et al.
Many exercise-related improvements in cognitive function have been associated with local and systemic expression of growth factors in the hippocampus, notably, brain-derived neurotrophic factor BDNF Neeper et al. BDNF promotes many developmental functions in the brain, including neuronal cell survival, differentiation, migration, dendritic arborization, and synaptic plasticity Park and Poo In rat hippocampus, regular exercise promotes a benefit of exercise essay increase in BDNF protein for up to at least 3 mo Berchtold et al. In an opposite manner, BDNF mRNA in the hippocampus is rapidly decreased by the cessation of wheel running, suggesting BDNF expression is tightly related to exercise volume Widenfalk et al. Findings by Wrann et al. To summarize, Wrann et al.
While future research should determine whether the FNDC5 cleavage-product was produced locally in hippocampal neurons or benefit of exercise essay secreted into the circulation, this finding eloquently displays one mechanism responsible for brain health benefits following exercise. Similarly, work by van Praag and colleagues suggests that exercise or pharmacological activation of AMP-activated protein kinase AMPK in skeletal muscle enhances indices of learning and memory, neurogenesis, and gene expression related to mitochondrial function in the hippocampus Kobilo et al. Insulin-like growth factor 1 IGF-1is central to many exercise-induced adaptations in the brain.
Similarly, the protective effects of exercise on various brain lesions are nullified by anti-IGF-1 antibody Carro et al. InGreist et al. Of the proposed mechanisms, increases in the availability of brain neurotransmitters and neurotrophic factors e. For example, benefit of exercise essay, tyrosine hydroxylase TH activity, the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine formation, in the striatum, an area of the brain's reward system, is increased following 7 days of treadmill running in an intensity-dependent manner Hattori et al. Voluntary wheel running is also highly rewarding in rats, and voluntary wheel running in rats lowers the motivation to self-administer cocaine, suggesting exercise benefit of exercise essay be a viable strategy in the fight against drug addiction Larson and Carroll Similar to the above examples, secreted factors from skeletal muscle have been linked to the regulation of depression.
Agudelo et al. Additionally, overexpression of PGC-1α1 in skeletal muscle left mice resistant to stress, as evaluated by various behavioral assays indicative of depression Agudelo et al. Simultaneously, they report gene expression benefit of exercise essay to synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus, benefit of exercise essay, such as BDNF and CamkII, were unaffected by chronic mild stress compared to wild-type mice. Collectively, these findings suggest exercise-induced increases in skeletal muscle PGC-1α1 benefit of exercise essay be an important regulator of KAT expression in skeletal muscle, which, via modulation in plasma kynurenine levels, may alleviate stress-induced depression and promote hippocampal neuronal benefit of exercise essay. In a Diabetes Care article Boyle et al.
Centers for Disease Control CDC predicted 29 million U. cases of T2D would be present in Unfortunately, the prediction of 29 million was reached in ! More rapid increases in T2D are now predicted by the CDC than in the previous estimate. The CDC now predicts a doubling or tripling in T2D in The tripling would mean that one out of three U. adults would have T2D in their lifetime by Boyle et al. The International Diabetes Federation IDF reports T2D cases worldwide. Inthe IDF reported that and million North American including Caribbean and worldwide adults, respectively, had T2D.
Furthermore, the IDF predicts for that and million, respectively, will have T2D. In sum, T2D is now pandemic, and the pandemic will increase in numbers without current apparent action within the general public. The Framingham study found that T2D risk in offspring was 3. Thus, T2D is gene-based. Another paper Kwak and Park lists at least 75 independent genetic loci that are associated with T2D. Taken together, T2D is a complex genetic disease Scott et al, benefit of exercise essay. Three large-scale epidemiological studies have been performed on prediabetics, each in a different geographical location.
The first study, and only study to have separate study arms for diet and exercise, was in China. The second study on T2D was the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. The latest of the three studies was in the U. Diabetes Prevention Program. Thus, if differences in genetics in the above three differing ethnicities are not a factor, combined exercise and diet remain more effective in T2D prevention than the drug metformin two decades ago, benefit of exercise essay. A single exercise bout increases glucose uptake by skeletal muscle, sidestepping the insulin receptor and thus insulin resistance in T2D patients Holloszy and Narahara ; Goodyear and Kahn ; Holloszy After insulin binding to its receptor, benefit of exercise essay, insulin initiates a downstream signaling cascade of tyrosine autophosphorylation of insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate 1 IRS-1 binding and phosphorylation, activation of a PI3K-dependent pathway, including key downstream regulators protein kinase B Akt and the Akt substrate of kDa ASbenefit of exercise essay, ultimately promoting glucose transporter 4 GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane Rockl benefit of exercise essay al.
Despite normal GLUT4 levels, insulin fails to induce GLUT4 translocation in T2D Zierath et al. However, exercise activates a downstream insulin-signaling pathway at AS and TBC1 domain family member 1 TBC1D1 Deshmukh et al.
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